La Catedral Primada
La Catedral Primada de Santo Domingo (República Dominicana)
Las primeras noticias que tenemos del edificio deben extrapolarse desde la primitiva documentación bularia de principios del siglo XVI. El papa Julio II intentó crear las primeras diócesis americanas en 1504 a través de su bula Illius fulciti praesidio: «en la provincia de Hyagüata, en el cual está el llamado puerto de Santo Domingo y la misma ciudad de Hyagüata, erigimos y establecemos la Iglesia Metropolitana, denominada Hyagüatense, bajo la advocación de la Anunciación o de la misma Bienaventurada Virgen María de la Encarnación, a favor de un arzobispo…» (Rubio 2011, 51-52).
Años más tarde, una nueva bula (1511) volvía a instar a la creación de una demarcación diocesana más racional con tan solo dos sedes, Santo Domingo y La Concepción. Mientras, la sede de Santo Domingo continuó vacante durante la espera del nuevo obispo fray García de Padilla, quien moriría sin conocer el Nuevo Mundo en las postrimerías de 1515. Poco antes manifestaba desde Burgos estar erigida su lejana sede (Rubio 2011, 52).
Documentalmente poco más podemos decir del inicio de la obra de la catedral. La creación de una demarcación administrativa eclesiástica como la de Iglesia Metropolitana Hyagüatense o las consagraciones de templo poco hablan acerca del origen de la fábrica y sí sobre el uso litúrgico que se da en ella. De hecho, la primitiva arquitectura del ábside y sus elementos de labra, junto con la existencia de un lote de revestimiento cerámico descubierto en las excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas (Olsen et al. 1998), de cronología muy temprana dentro de las producciones sevillanas del 1500, parecen indicar la existencia de un inicio de templo «ovantino» de aquella primera década.
Esto explicaría el aspecto arcaico y «extremeño» del ábside de contrafuertes que encierra la capilla mayor, los primitivos pináculos que debiera tener y la ventana de herradura en línea con motivos cacereños como las existentes en las basas de su concatedral de Santa María (que parece denotar la existencia en la Ciudad Colonial de Santo Domingo de un templo con anterioridad a la formalización de la diócesis). De hecho, parecería lógico pensar que la erección del templo pudo estar fomentada por la presencia del cacereño Nicolás de Ovando como tercer gobernador de la isla (con presencia entre 1503 y 1510), tras Cristóbal Colón y Francisco de Bobadilla. Sus vinculaciones natales con Extremadura, su condición dentro de la Orden de Alcántara y la afluencia de artesanos cercanos a él (Pérez Montás 2007, 55) redundarían en el aspecto gotizante de esta parte del edificio.
Bien es cierto que el proyecto de «iglesia mayor» previo a su fomento como catedral quedó inconcluso seguramente en su arco fajón de conexión con la nave, lo que obligaría a desarrollar una más económica que sería la que los autores describen como «de paja, muy pequeña, que el día santo no cabe en ella la mitad del pueblo» (Palm 2002, 27, cit. Flores Sasso 2011, 234), o «de madera y paja» (Pérez Montás 2007, 89).
La actuación de lectura de paramentos que definiremos como «zona B» vendría a estudiar este punto desde la lectura arqueológica de cubierta. Se pretende dictaminar la existencia original o no de los pináculos, el apoyo sobre un escarzano de una primitiva espadaña en los contrafuertes de la cabecera, determinar lo proyectado y lo construido desde las herramientas que da la arqueología, incluido el sistema de cubierta… Todo en aras de desarrollar un sistema de crecimiento de la catedral que complemente los excelentes trabajos realizados hasta la actualidad en el templo.
La segunda fase que encontramos en el templo es una dilatada obra auspiciada por el segundo obispo de la sede a partir de 1524, Alessandro Geraldini. No solo se afrontó la dignificación del templo mediante la construcción de una suntuosa nave, sino que se modificó el proyecto original de planta ad aula y alzado ad quadratum dentro del arcaizante modelo del gótico mediterráneo (vide modelo de la catedral de Ciudadela, Menorca). Este cambio a finales del primer cuarto de siglo supuso una desproporción de la planta respecto a la cabecera, que hizo pensar a alguno en la posible traza no realizada de una girola. En altura se ve clara la discontinuidad en la alzada de la cumbrera de la capilla mayor con la nave posterior.
La nueva aula de tres naves más capillas laterales parece tener traza sevillana y seguir los modelos flamencos, donde de los mismos basamentos nacen los nervios que sustentan las plementerías del techo. Claros ejemplos de estos modelos los tenemos en la catedral nueva de Plasencia, Barcelona o las colegiatas de Berlanga de Duero o Lerma (Pano Gracia 2004, 46), entre muchos otros. Problema aparte debió de ser la lenta progresión de las obras de este proyecto, que se dilataron hasta la década de los cuarenta y que genera ciertos problemas de interpretación que una lectura de paramentos masiva solventaría, como restos de arranques de nervadura en el exterior de la iglesia y la nefasta solución en la conexión de una excelente escalera mallorquina con la nave de la iglesia.
No es de extrañar que las continuas evoluciones que tendrá la catedral vendrán marcadas por el interés de hacer un templo ortodoxo en lo que a arquitectura se refiere, siendo por ello claro que todas las obras en la fachada de la Epístola se realizarán siempre en aras de una evolución de la claustra a claustro… que nunca llegaría a producirse, así como el volcado de la fachada del Evangelio hacia la plaza pública y su laico urbanismo, con la creación de lo que parece una balconada de corpus durante el período de Contrarreforma.
Problema aparte nos genera la interpretación de todo el ámbito de la fachada principal – torre inacabada. Lo llamamos en nuestra zonificación de proyecto arqueológico como «zona A» de trabajo. Parece claro pensar que hasta el inicio de la construcción de la torre, o en su defecto hasta la solución provisional/definitiva de un exiguo campanario de ladrillo, existió una primitiva espadaña en un lateral de la capilla mayor. De igual forma no existe una correlación estilística entre la fase dos de la catedral (la de Geraldini) y la tipología decorativa de su majestuosa actual fachada -por otro lado también inacabada-.
La correlación estratigráfica entre la torre y la fachada actual marcará las cronologías de unas obras siempre anteriores a 1556. Lo que parece claro, y se podrá constatar con una lectura de paramentos, es que la fachada decorada se adosa como un telón de teatro a la primitiva fachada del proyecto de Geraldini. Esta situación no debe extrañarnos dado el interés continuo de dignificar el edificio con obras de calidad y, vaya por delante, parece claro que este magnífico postizo parece quedar inacabado en altura dejando ver retranqueada la fachada preexistente. Como detalle recalcamos la presencia de unos pilastrones dieciochescos que se colocaron allí donde debería haberse realizado una última calle de fachada con un frontón definitivo.
Respecto a la torre, y además de su importancia en el adosamiento nave-fachadas, cabe destacar que la paralización de su construcción supuso un desaire a las pretensiones del cabildo. Santo Domingo había perdido la importancia geopolítica frente a Tierra Firme: el caciquismo implantado en la sociedad civil y los proyectos de defensa de las Antillas supusieron un varapalo en las aspiraciones de levantar un «gran templo».
Quedaría trabajar las soluciones constructivas de la prótesis observada en el atrio de la fachada principal, en el contacto fachada-torre, conocida como «capilla secreta», y que parece corresponder a una escalera de caracol con planta de media luna en el inicio de su desarrollo y que en altura conseguiría su lógica redondez. Aquí la paralización de la torre hizo que la ventana tardogótica de bolas isabelinas no quedara tapada, ni que se rompiera más fábrica para el tubo de escalera -que por su anchura debería de ser también mallorquina-; por el contrario, obligó a construir un acceso forzado a la terraza original de la obra inacababa. Para ello se realizó un acceso rompiendo uno de los contrafuertes donde se realizó una nueva escalera de caracol en husillo, con el eje cerrado, que desembocaba en una garita de protección para acceder al campanario definitivo.
El plano resultante de la torre en planta baja presenta dichas anomalías (la de la estructura de la primera escalera más la de la segunda). De igual forma apreciamos un fuerte pilastrón de mampuesto en gran parte de su alzado y sillería de acarreo en la parte superior, del que desconocemos su cronología. Podría tratarse de algún tipo de estructura constructiva del XVI (¿una base de grúa?) o una solución autárquica para sustentar la losa de cemento que se apoya encima.
Estas son algunas de las hipótesis previas de trabajo y algunas de las dudas que se pretenden dilucidar con el estudio arqueológico propuesto. No quiero acabar de otra forma sino recordando el «espíritu de obra inacabada» que invade la catedral de Santo Domingo desde su inicio a principios del 1500, situación que a muchos debió de resultar incómoda a lo largo de sus siglos de historia y que, recordando la sinfonía en si menor, D. 759, de Franz Schubert, la conocida como «Inacabada», quizás resulte así una de las obras más maravillosas de la arquitectura americana.
Ildefonso Ramírez González
Flores Sasso, V. (2011). Arquitectura de la Catedral (CAP.). En Chez Checo, J. & Céspedes Turbí, Y. Basílica Catedral de Santo Domingo. (211-374). Santo Domingo: Arzobispado de Santo Domingo. Comisión Arquidiocesana para la Celebración del Quinto Centenario de la Arquidiócesis de Santo Domingo.
Olsen Bogaert, H., Pérez Montás, E. & Prieto Vicioso, E. (1998). Arqueología y Antropología Física de la Catedral de Santo Domingo. Santo domingo: Ed. Centro de Altos Estudios Humanísticos y del Idioma Español.
Pano García, J. L. (2004). El modelo de planta de salón: origen, difusión e implantación en América. En Lacarra Ducay, M. del C., Arquitectura religiosa del siglo XVI en España y Ultramar (39-84). Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico (C.S.I.C.), Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza.
Pérez Montás, E. (2007). La ciudad de Ozama; 500 años de historia urbana. Barcelona.
Pleguezuelo Hernández, A. (1989): Azulejo sevillano. Sevilla: Ed. Padilla Libros.
Rubio, Fray V. (2011). El título de la Catedral Dominicopolitana (CAP.). En Chez Checo, J. & Céspedes Turbí, Y. Basílica Catedral de Santo Domingo. (51-62). Santo Domingo: Arzobispado de Santo Domingo. Comisión Arquidiocesana para la Celebración del Quinto Centenario de la Arquidiócesis de Santo Domingo.
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